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March-April 2004
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Up A Choppy River |
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| Rainbow trout streamline their bodies, folding fins back, when swimming actively (above, left) but in turbulent water allow their bodies to flap from side to side (above, right). Turbulence may also help explain schooling behavior (right). |  |
| Photographs by James Liao | |
In general, when fish swim actively, they streamline their bodies, folding their fins back and fluttering their tails rapidly. When swimming through turbulence, they relax the fins so that their bodies flap from side to side, like a flag in the wind. The propulsive advantage is so great that fish actually seek out the turbulence created by a stationary stick or rock in a moving current.
Liao built computer models of the flag-flapping movement after spending hours observing fish swimming in tanks with artificial currents — "treadmills for fish," he says. A dusty powder of microscopic glass particles, which Liao added to the water and made visible with a laser, etched the currents. In a uniform current, the electrodes detected muscle activity along the entire body of the fish. But when he submerged a half-cylinder-shaped obstacle in the current, creating a pattern of whorls along both sides, the fish slalomed back and forth, going virtually limp. In the vortices created by the cylinder, the fish used only certain muscles near the head to position themselves. The flag-flapping motion requires minimal muscle activity — so minimal, in fact, that a dead fish, held in place in a turbulent current, actually makes the same motion as a live fish. The motion depends instead on the fish's skeletal structure and as yet undetermined connections of muscle and bone.
The relationship between turbulence and energy expenditure may also help explain why fish swim in schools. Two fish swimming forward, side by side, create a pattern of turbulence similar to that created by a single, fixed object in a moving current. This allows a third fish, swimming between and behind the pair, to exploit the energy they release into the water.
Liao's experiment used a very specific kind of turbulence — a single stick in the center of a rectangular tank with an artificial current — and fish that are the ichthyological equivalent of lab rats. But field observations have confirmed the lab results: Liao stuck cylinders into streams in Canada and observed the same behavior in wild trout and has recorded similar motions in species that do not school or live in flowing water. Anglers know that in real rivers, fish seek out "rest stops" behind rocks or sticks; the obstacles shield the fish from the current and the eddies on either side of the calm spot propel them forward. "It makes a lot of sense," Liao says. "If you're in a windstorm and you're behind a tree, you don't feel the wind as much."
His findings may help create better fish ladders, the tiered structures built alongside dams that help fish navigate rivers freely. Introducing turbulence could help make such ladders more fish-friendly. The research even mirrors work in a field as seemingly remote as robotics, where designers increasingly are imitating nature by making robots springy, rather than stiff. Flexible robots, like animals, can stabilize themselves with less energy than more rigid robots can, and they recover more easily from mishaps when moving on uneven surfaces — much like the limp fish bouncing off eddies. New insights into fish anatomy could also affect designs for robotic fish, which might prove useful in military or other tasks, such as surveying sewage plants.
Liao's work even has metaphorical implications. His findings debunk the image of heroic salmon fighting their way upstream to spawn. That swim against the current is probably easier than we thought.
~Elizabeth Gudrais
James Liao e-mail address: jliao@oeb.harvard.edu
